Instant database clones with PostgreSQL 18

(boringsql.com)

162 points | by radimm 6 hours ago

12 comments

  • elitan 1 hour ago
    For those who can't wait for PG18 or need full instance isolation: I built Velo, which does instant branching using ZFS snapshots instead of reflinks.

    Works with any PG version today. Each branch is a fully isolated PostgreSQL container with its own port. ~2-5 seconds for a 100GB database.

    https://github.com/elitan/velo

    Main difference from PG18's approach: you get complete server isolation (useful for testing migrations, different PG configs, etc.) rather than databases sharing one instance.

    • teiferer 59 minutes ago
      You mean you told Claude a bunch of details and it built it for you?

      Mind you, I'm not saying it's bad per se. But shouldn't we be open and honest about this?

      I wonder if this is the new normal. Somebody says "I built Xyz" but then you realize it's vibe coded.

      • pritambarhate 16 minutes ago
        Let's say there is an architect and he also owns a construction company. This architect, then designs a building and gets it built from of his employees and contractors.

        In such cases the person says, I have built this building. People who found companies, say they have built companies. It's commonly accepted in our society.

        So even if Claude built for it for GP, as long as GP designed it, paid for tools (Claude) to build it, also tested it to make sure that it works, I personally think, he has right to say he has built it.

        If you don't like it, you are not required to use it.

        • pebble 1 minute ago
          No, it's more like the architect has a cousin who is like "I totally got this bro" and builds the building for them.
        • greatgib 13 minutes ago
          The architect knows what it is doing. And the workers are professionals with supervisors to check that the work is done properly.
      • elAhmo 21 minutes ago
        It is the new normal, whether you are against it or not.

        If someone used AI, it is a good discussion to see whether they should explicitly disclose it, but people have been using assisted tools, from auto-complete, text expanders, IDE refactoring tools, for a while - and you wouldn't make a comment that they didn't build it. The lines are becoming more blurry over time, but it is ridiculous to claim that someone didn't build something if they used AI tools.

      • dpedu 33 minutes ago
        Huh? It says so right in the README.

        https://github.com/elitan/velo/blame/12712e26b18d0935bfb6c6e...

        And are we really doing this? Do we need to admit how every line of code was produced? Why? Are you expecting to see "built with the influence of Stackoverflow answers" or "google searches" on every single piece of software ever? It's an exercise of pointlessness.

      • earthnail 55 minutes ago
        Not sure why this is downvoted. For a critical tool like DB cloning, I‘d very much appreciate if it was hand written. Simply because it means it’s also hand reviewed at least once (by definition).

        We wouldn’t have called it reviewed in the old world, but in the AI coding world we’re now in it makes me realise that yes, it is a form of reviewing.

        I use Claude a lot btw. But I wouldn’t trust it on mission critical stuff.

        • dpedu 28 minutes ago
          It's being downvoted because the commenter is asking for something that is already in the readme. Furthermore, it's ironic that the person raising such an issue is performing the same mistake as they are calling out - neglecting to read something they didn't write.
        • ffsm8 42 minutes ago
          Eh, DB branching is mostly only necessary for testing - locally, in CI or quick rollbacks on a shared dev instance.

          Or at least I cannot come up with a usecase for prod.

          From that perspective, it feels like it'd be a perfect usecase to embrace the LLM guided development jank

          • notKilgoreTrout 37 minutes ago
            Mostly..

            App migrations that may fail and need a rollback have the problem that you may not be allowed to wipe any transactions so you may want to be putting data to a parallel world that didn't migrate.

          • gavinray 31 minutes ago

              > Eh, DB branching is mostly only necessary for testing - locally
            
            For local DB's, when I break them, I stop the Docker image and wipe the volume mounts, then restart + apply the "migrations" folder (minus whatever new broken migration caused the issue).
    • Rovanion 55 minutes ago
      You, is an interesting word to use given that you plagiarized it.
      • anonymars 37 minutes ago
        Do you have a link to the original?
    • whalesalad 55 minutes ago
      Hell yeah. I’ve been meaning to prototype this exact thing but with btrfs.
    • tobase 1 hour ago
      Cool
  • majodev 1 hour ago
    Uff, I had no idea that Postgres v15 introduced WAL_LOG and changed the defaults from FILE_COPY. For (parallel CI) test envs, it make so much sense to switch back to the FILE_COPY strategy ... and I previously actually relied on that behavior.

    Raised an issue in my previous pet project for doing concurrent integration tests with real PostgreSQL DBs (https://github.com/allaboutapps/integresql) as well.

  • radarroark 1 hour ago
    In theory, a database that uses immutable data structures (the hash array mapped trie popularized by Clojure) could allow instant clones on any filesystem, not just ZFS/XFS, and allow instant clones of any subset of the data, not just the entire db. I say "in theory" but I actually built this already so it's not just a theory. I never understood why there aren't more HAMT based databases.
  • BenjaminFaal 2 hours ago
    For anyone looking for a simple GUI for local testing/development of Postgres based applications. I built a tool a few years ago that simplifies the process: https://github.com/BenjaminFaal/pgtt
    • okigan 2 hours ago
      Would love to see a snapshot of the GUI as part of the README.md.

      Also docker link seems to be broken.

      • BenjaminFaal 1 hour ago
        Fixed the package link. Github somehow made it private. I will add a snapshot right now.
  • francislavoie 56 minutes ago
    Is anyone aware of something like this for MariaDB?

    Something we've been trying to solve for a long time is having instant DB resets between acceptance tests (in CI or locally) back to our known fixture state, but right now it takes decently long (like half a second to a couple seconds, I haven't benchmarked it in a while) and that's by far the slowest thing in our tests.

    I just want fast snapshotted resets/rewinds to a known DB state, but I need to be using MariaDB since it's what we use in production, we can't switch DB tech at this stage of the project, even though Postgres' grass looks greener.

    • proaralyst 53 minutes ago
      You could use LVM or btrfs snapshots (at the filesystem level) if you're ok restarting your database between runs
      • francislavoie 48 minutes ago
        Restarting the DB is unfortunately way too slow. We run the DB in a docker container with a tmpfs (in-memory) volume which helps a lot with speed, but the problem is still the raw compute needed to wipe the tables and re-fill them with the fixtures every time.
  • 1f97 3 hours ago
    • horse666 1 hour ago
      Aurora clones are copy-on-write at the storage layer, which solves part of the problem, but RDS still provisions you a new cluster with its own endpoints, etc, which is slow ~10 mins, so not really practical for the integration testing use case.
  • TimH 2 hours ago
    Looks like it would probably be quite useful when setting up git worktrees, to get multiple claude code instances spun up a bit more easily.
  • christophilus 1 hour ago
    As an aside, I just jumped around and read a few articles. This entire blog looks excellent. I’m going to have to spend some time reading it. I didn’t know about Postgres’s range types.
  • 1a527dd5 2 hours ago
    Many thanks, this solves integration tests for us!
  • mvcosta91 3 hours ago
    It looks very interesting for integration tests
    • radimm 3 hours ago
      OP here - yes, this is my use case too: integration and regression testing, as well as providing learning environments. It makes working with larger datasets a breeze.
    • presentation 2 hours ago
      We do this, preview deploys, and migration dry runs using Neon Postgres’s branching functionality - seems one benefit of that vs this is that it works even with active connections which is good for doing these things on live databases.
    • drakyoko 2 hours ago
      would this work inside test containers?
      • radimm 1 hour ago
        OP here - still have to try (generally operate on VM/bare metal level); but my understanding is that ioctl call would get passed to the underlying volume; i.e. you would have to mount volume
  • oulipo2 58 minutes ago
    Assuming I'd like to replicate my production database for either staging, or to test migrations, etc,

    and that most of my data is either:

    - business entities (users, projects, etc)

    - and "event data" (sent by devices, etc)

    where most of the database size is in the latter category, and that I'm fine with "subsetting" those (eg getting only the last month's "event data")

    what would be the best strategy to create a kind of "staging clone"? ideally I'd like to tell the database (logically, without locking it expressly): do as though my next operations only apply to items created/updated BEFORE "currentTimestamp", and then:

    - copy all my business tables (any update to those after currentTimestamp would be ignored magically even if they happen during the copy) - copy a subset of my event data (same constraint)

    what's the best way to do this?

    • gavinray 33 minutes ago
      You can use "psql" to dump subsets of data from tables and then later import them.

      Something like:

        psql <db_url> -c "\copy (SELECT * FROM event_data ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 100) TO 'event-data-sample.csv' WITH CSV HEADER"
      
      https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-copy.html

      It'd be really nice if pg_dump had a "data sample"/"data subset" option but unfortunately nothing like that is built in that I know of.

  • horse666 1 hour ago
    This is really cool, looking forward to trying it out.

    Obligatory mention of Neon (https://neon.com/) and Xata (https://xata.io/) which both support “instant” Postgres DB branching on Postgres versions prior to 18.